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Abstract
Hair is a unique character of mammals and has several functions, from protection of the skin to sexual and social communication. In literature, there are various studies about hair that take into consideration different aspects within many fields of science, including biology, dermatology, cosmetics, forensic sciences, and medicine. We carried out a search of studies published in PubMed up to 2013. In this review, we summarized the principal anatomical and physiological aspects of the different types of human hair, and we considered the clinical significance of the different structures and the distribution of the hair in the human body. This review could be the basis for improvement and progression in the field of hair research.
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... Derived from the epidermis, hair comprises two distinct parts: a visible shaft on the skin's surface and a follicle within it ( Figure 1). 20 Among the growth phase, the hair shaft (HS) has three primary concentric areas: the medulla, cortex and cuticle. 21 The hair follicle (HF) has an essential role in hair growth, 20 forming a pilosebaceous unit alongside the sebaceous gland (SG) and arrector pili muscle (APM). ...
... 20 Among the growth phase, the hair shaft (HS) has three primary concentric areas: the medulla, cortex and cuticle. 21 The hair follicle (HF) has an essential role in hair growth, 20 forming a pilosebaceous unit alongside the sebaceous gland (SG) and arrector pili muscle (APM). 22 The HF consists of three segments, which are lower, middle, and upper: the lower segment is the region from the base of the HF to the insertion of APM and could be divided into the bulb and suprabulb regions; the middle segment (isthmus) is short and extends from the insertion of APM to the meatus of the SG duct; the upper segment (infundibulum) spans from the meatus of the SG duct to the follicular orifice. ...
... 21 The suprabulb region lies between the isthmus and the hair bulb (HB), consisting of the HS, inner root sheath (IRS), outer root sheath (ORS), vitreous layer (VR) and fibrous root sheath (FRS). 21 IRS has three layers: Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and cuticle, the latter layer being adjacent to the cuticle of HS and thus anchors HS to HF. 20 The IRS acts as a divider between the HS and ORS. 20 The ORS shields the IRS while it rises from the matrix cells at the bottom side of the HB to the meatus of the SG duct. ...
The Roles of Exosomes in Regulating Hair Follicle Growth
Article
Full-text available
Jul 2024
Ming Cheng
Cong Ma
Hong-Duo Chen
Xue-Gang Xu
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... 4 The content of different types of melanin in the hair is an individual feature. 4,5 Melanin is a natural protection against the negative effects of UV rays. The protective effect of melanin is based on the principle of absorbing UV rays and protecting against free radicals. ...
... These should be left-on products so that it stays on the surface of the hair and protect it from UV rays penetrating the cuticle. 5 Biological changes in hair pigment include its darkening or lightening observed occasionally at a very young age, or graying. 4,6 In the course of particular diseases, there might be also a change in hair color. ...
... The hair becomes less resistant to mechanical damage and becomes brittle. 5 Exposure to UV radiation leads to the oxidation of lipid and protein components of the hair. Although melanin provides some protection against the oxidation process, the hair becomes lighter and lighter, due to the oxidation of the hair dyes. ...
Assessment of the photoprotection properties of hair cosmetics using the hemispherical directional reflectance method
Article
Full-text available
Oct 2023
SKIN RES TECHNOL
Anna Stolecka
Sławomir Wilczyński
Małgorzata Bożek
Łukasz Chmielewski
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... Ce processus dynamique de régénération affecte également le système pigmentaire qui donne sa couleur au cheveu. Pour élaborer cette structure complexe, qui est unique chez l'homme, une morphogenèse sophistiquée est nécessaire au cours du développement embryonnaire [1][2][3][4]. L'objectif de ce chapitre est de fournir une compréhension complète de l'anatomie et de la biologie du cheveu, ainsi que des mécanismes qui contrôlent son organogenèse afin de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d'incorporation des xénobiotiques ainsi que les difficultés d'interprétation des concentrations, notamment chez le jeune enfant. ...
... Il est richement vascularisé et innervé [2]. Entouré de plusieurs couches, le follicule est enchâssé dans le canal pilaire [1,2,6,9,10]. ...
... Les cellules de la gaine externe expriment une grande variété de médiateurs, d'hormones et de récepteurs, des cellules de Langerhans, cellules dendritiques impliquées dans la présentation des antigènes aux lymphocytes T, et des cellules de Merkel, riches en neuropeptides dont le rôle n'est pas totalement élucidé. Les différentes cellules sont situées à proximité du renflement et présenteraient des processus de coopération réciproques [2,10,28] ; • la gaine épithéliale interne, elle-même composée de 3 couches : la couche de Henle, assise de cellules cuboïdales riches en granules de trichohyaline, kératinisant précocement, la couche de Huxley, constituée d'une ou deux couches de cellules plus volumineuses, dont la kératinisation débute plus haut que la précédente, et enfin la cuticule de gaine, constituée d'une couche de cellules aplaties hyalinisées dès la région isthmique [1]. Certains auteurs reconnaissent également l'existence d'une couche supplémentaire, dite couche Companion, monocellulaire, qui représente en fait la transition entre la gaine externe et la gaine interne, sur une hauteur allant du bulbe à l'isthme [10,29]. ...
Anatomie et physiologie du cheveu humain
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Jul 2023
Anne-Laure Pelissier-Alicot
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... Складовими частинами шкіри є придатки шкіри, до яких належать такі утворення: нігті, волосся, потові, сальні та молочні залози. Усі вони так чи інакше беруть участь у виконанні вищезазначених функцій [5,31]. ...
... Воно покриває голову, тулуб та кінцівки людини за невеликими винятками, як-от губи, долонна поверхня рук, підошовна поверхня стоп та деякі ділянки зовнішніх статевих органів. Волосся має як епідермальне, так і мезенхімальне походження та складається з волосяного стрижня і фолікула [5]. Процес формування волосся під час внутрішньоутробного розвитку має чітку послідовність: спочатку відбувається формування так званого волосяного плакода. ...
... Відповідно до особливостей будови волосся поділяють на кілька різновидів: пушкове волосся (дрібне і непігментоване), щетинкове волосся (довге і пігментоване) та довге волосся (також довге і пігментоване). Щетинкове волосся, як і пушкове, на відміну від довгого типу волосся, є андроген незалежним [5]. Так само як інші органи та тканини людини, волосся зазнає вікових змін, що полягають у зменшенні кількості меланоцитів у волосяних фолікулах (посивіння) та ушкодженні стрижня і кореня волосся [18]. ...
Is there a relationship between alopecia and anthropometric indicators? Modern scientific view
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May 2023
M. A. M. Shakatira
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... Hair can be classified into three types [5,6]: lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair. Lanugo hair is a fine and soft hair that covers the fetus during development and typically disappears after birth. ...
... From a functional perspective [5], terminal hair can be further categorized into androgendependent areas (scalp, beard, chest, axillae, and pubic region) and androgen-independent areas (eyebrows and eyelashes). Vellus hair, on the other hand, is not influenced by androgens and is independent of its effects. 2 ...
... At the level of the 3 infundibulum, the hair follicle exhibits a degree of keratinization similar to that of the epidermis, characterized by a distinguishable granular layer and stratum corneum. (Figure 2) [5,8,9,11] The only part of the hair follicle involved in the hair growth cycle is the lower segment. On the scalp, approximately 85 to 100% of hairs are typically found in the anagen phase, which lasts between 2 to 7 years. ...
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Belen Tristan Martin
Giulia Greta Dradi
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... Hair can be classified into three types [5,6]: lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair. Lanugo hair is a fine and soft hair that covers the fetus during development and typically disappears after birth. ...
... At the level of the infundibulum, the hair follicle exhibits a degree of keratinization similar to that of the epidermis, characterized by a distinguishable granular layer and stratum corneum. (Figure 2) [5,8,9,11] The only part of the hair follicle involved in the hair growth cycle is the lower segment. On the scalp, approximately 85 to 100% of hairs are typically found in the anagen phase, which lasts between 2 and 7 years. ...
Alopecias: Practical Tips for the Management of Biopsies and Main Diagnostic Clues for General Pathologists and Dermatopathologists
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Fernando Pinedo-Moraleda
Belén Tristán-Martín
Giulia Greta Dradi
View
... As the name indicates, hairy skin contains hair follicles, while glabrous skin lacks hair. Hairy skin varies further in the geometry of its hair follicles and their density, e.g., the scalp versus the rest of the body [49,7,46]. The glabrous skin is found in the palms of our hands and feet. ...
... Heterogeneous mechanics of skin 7 The sinusoidal interface reduces the average stress jump along the interface Considering the strip-x biaxial loading, the simplified model with the three strips loaded in parallel, illustrated in Fig. 1e, was solved. Figure 3a left shows the results for this analytical model. ...
The Role of Interface Geometry and Appendages on the Mesoscale Mechanics of the Skin
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Omar Moreno-Flores
Manuel Rausch
Adrian Buganza Tepole
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... Hair is one of the characteristic features of mammals and has various functions, such as protection against external factors; producing sebum, sweat, and pheromones; thermoregulation and being a resource for stem cells [35,36]. The most common phenomenon of aging in hair is greying. ...
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Adrián Rubio
Ali Haneen Issmer
Anna Barbaro
Carmen García-Ruiz
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... However, there are insufficient studies on the macroscopic appearance of cricetid hair spines and bat claws. Mammalian hairs are broadly variable in shape and structure, and this variation is related to each species, climates, adaptations, their functions in organs, body position, populations, and alleles (Kondo 2000;Meyer et al. 2002;Buffoli et al. 2014). Furthermore, the observed claw-size similarities and differences may be related to the roosting and fossorial habits of bats and rodents because the evolution, together with different lifestyles and habits, has influenced the form and function of claws in mammals (Maiolino et al. 2011). ...
A dietary analysis of Phyllostomus discolor with potential evidence of mammal predation
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Jorge Brito M.
Nicte Ordonez
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... This phase is also distinguished by the development of the onion-like shape of the hair follicle [24]. The anagen phase is divided further into two phases; pro-anagen (anagen I -V) and metanagen (anagen VI) [25]. During pro-anagen, hair progenitor cells actively proliferate and initiate the process of differentiation. ...
The Genomic Variation in Textured Hair: Implications in Developing a Holistic Hair Care Routine
Preprint
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Jul 2024
Olusola Clement Idowu
Ewa Markiewicz
Deborah Oladele
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... All mammalian body surfaces are covered with hair except for small areas such as the palms, soles, buccal surface of the lips, and parts of the external genitalia. Body hair can be divided into androgendependent hair, such as the scalp, beard, chest, axilla, and pubic hair, and androgenindependent such as the eyebrows, eyelashes, and vulvar hair (Buffoli et al., 2014). Excess facial hair is found in about 41 million women in the United States (Hamzavi et al., 2007). ...
Assessment of the effects of bean extract on axillary hair reduction
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Jan 2024
Fereshteh Zamiri
Hassan Rakhshandeh
Bita Kiafar
Masoud Maleki
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... This type of hair usually extends more than 3 mm into the hypodermis. The rest of the body is covered with vellus hairs (short, thin, devoid of pigment, and located more shallowly in the skin compared with terminal hairs) [8]. ...
Hair Shaft Abnormalities as a Dermoscopic Feature of Mycosis Fungoides: Pilot Results
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Jul 2024
Magdalena Jasińska
Joanna Czuwara
Nino Lortkipanidze
Adriana Rakowska
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... DHT triggers the shrinking of hair follicles, resulting in the finer vellus hair being transformed from thick terminal hair. 5α-reductase (Buffoli et al., 2013;Kučerová R et al., 2006;Thomas J, 2005) (Cole &Hfrzunger, 1984) 4 Syphilitic alopecia The disease syphilis was caused by Treponema pallidum. Individuals suffering from sudden and partial hair loss were diagnosed with syphilitic alopecia. ...
A review on comprehensive management of Androgenic Alopecia
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Aditya Nandi
Bilash Nath
Chayanika Gogoi
Krishna Dayal
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... An individual with a healthy scalp is thought to have between 50,000 and 65,000 hairs on average. [34] The three stages of the hair development cycle are anagen, catagen, and telogen. It is a complicated process. ...
Genetic mapping of hair loss through the APCDD1 gene pathway: A new perspective
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Büşra Candan Balkan
Alper Demirezen
Oytun Erbas
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... On the outside, hair is thin, flexible tubes of fully keratinized epithelial cells. In terms of macrostructure, hair differs between ethnic groups and between individual people in terms of length, diameter, colour, and cross-sectional shape (Buffoli et al., 2014). ...
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Mamta Kumari
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... The human hair follicle (HF) is an appendage of the skin known for its wide range of functions, from external protection and thermoregulation to social interactions [1]. The diversity of its roles is also well presented on the cellular level, where a single follicle is composed of several cell types [2] with very distinct cell-to-cell interactions [3] and multifaceted signaling [4]. ...
The development of an in vitro human hair follicle organoid with a complexity similar to that in vivo
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BIOMED MATER
Paulo A. Marinho
Gyusang Jeong
Seung Hyun Shin
Wonseok. Park
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... The growth of human hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the soles of the feet, the inside of the mouth, the lips, the backs of the ears, the palms of the hands, some external genital areas, the navel, scar tissue, and apart from eyelashes, the eyelids. 1 Appearance of hair makes an important impact on total body feature. Color, length and appearance of hair make a significant difference from person to person. 2 Indian herbs are the prosperous source to be used in cosmetic industries. ...
Role of Certain Plant Ingredients on Hair Disorders.
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Subrat Kumar Bhutia
Arun Kumar Das
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... In humans, it is a unique and priceless characteristic, especially in females, but its primary purposes to enable homeothermy and protect the skin from mechanical harm; For instance, scalp hair protects the head and neck from the sun, cold, and physical harm, while eyebrows and eyelashes prevent items from entering the eyes. 1 Having healthy hair is a sign of health, youth, and vigor for both men and women. Hair has evolved to fulfill defensive and evolutionary purposes in mammals. ...
Comparative study of trichoscopic versus digital folliscopic findings of Telogen Effluvium
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Jan 2023
Alzahraa Gamal Mohammed Elsaghier
Ahmed Sadek Mohamed
Amr Gharib Mohammed
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... As the name indicates, hairy skin contains hair follicles, while glabrous skin lacks hair. Hairy skin varies further in the geometry of its hair follicles and their density, e.g., the scalp versus the rest of the body (Whitting et al. 2008;Buffoli et al. 2014;Vogt et al. 2007). The glabrous skin is found in the palms of our hands and feet. ...
The role of interface geometry and appendages on the mesoscale mechanics of the skin
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Full-text available
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BIOMECH MODEL MECHAN
Omar Moreno-Flores
Manuel Rausch
Adrian Buganza Tepole
View
... Hair cortisol assessment is an excellent biomarker of chronic stress, correlating with salivary cortisol levels, which has been corroborated by several studies on stress in different populations [35]. The cortisol available in the hair represents the percentage of this biomarker that diffuses from the blood into the growing hair follicles and is incorporated into the hair without undergoing degradation [36,37]. ...
Mindfulness Practice Reduces Hair Cortisol, Anxiety and Perceived Stress in University Workers: Randomized Clinical Trial
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Oct 2023
Edilaine C. Silva Gherardi-Donato
Larissa Bessani Hidalgo Gimenez
Maria Neyrian de Fatima Fernandes
Emilene Reisdorfer
View
... A mouse has three waves of HF morphogenesis that result in the presence of four types of HF types: guard, awl, auchene, and zigzag hair, and also the special type-vibrissa follicles [118]. A Human has two generations of HFs: the embryo-type lanugo hairs and the adult, which are divided into terminal hairs in the scalp and beard, pubic/axillary hairs, and vellus hairs throughout the body [119]. The HF is composed of the epithelial part which includes the hair shaft, inner, and outer root sheaths. ...
Blank Spots in the Map of Human Skin: The Challenge for Xenotransplantation
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INT J MOL SCI
Olga Cherkashina
Elena Morgun
Alexandra Rippa
Ekaterina Kalabusheva
View
... The CTS is a thin-membrane tissue surrounded by muscle fibers that are entangled to provide a supportive structure for other tissues. Within the HFs, a CTS surrounds the ORS [13]. ...
Psychological Stress-Induced Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata: Autoimmune and Apoptotic Pathways
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INT J MOL SCI
Dongkyun Ahn
Hyungjun Kim
Bombi Lee
Dae-Hyun Hahm
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... Hair follicles are primarily composed of epithelial and dermal components. Hair follicles are hair shaft-producing mini-organs and exhibit regular cycles of regeneration, known as the hair cycle [2] . The hair follicle, undergoes successive cyclic periods of growth, involving an active growing phase (anagen) during which the previous hair is shed, a small transitionary regressive phase (catagen) and a dormant resting phase (telogen) [3] , which allows the follicle to produce different types of hair in response to hormonal changes. ...
Medicinal plants used in Mexico for the treatment of alopecia
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Juan Carlos Vázquez Martínez
Marcial García Pineda
David Segura
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... Análise e discussãoEstrutura da fibra capilar O cabelo é uma estrutura queratinizada que se forma a partir da invaginação da epiderme na derme, e se divide em folículo piloso e haste capilar, que se subdivide em cutícula, córtex e medula (MIRANDA-VILELA; BOTELHO; MUEHLMANN, 2013). A medula, quando presente no fio, se apresenta como sendo a estrutura mais central do fio(BUFFOLI et al., 2013). O córtex é constituído de células corticais fusiformes compactadas ricas em filamentos de queratina, que recobrem a medula, e essa camada cortical determina muitas das propriedades mecânicas do cabelo(SINCLAIR, 2007).A cutícula localiza-se na parte mais externa das fibras capilares, recobrindo todo o fio de modo a proteger o córtex de agressões físicas e químicas (BUFFOLI, 2013). ...
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... Also, in a previous study from our laboratory we have shown that lenalidomide inhibited the vitiligo progression in a vitiligo mouse model [11]. For the repigmentation of vitiliginous skin, melanocyte reservoir in the hair follicles must be activated, differentiated and migrated toward depigmented epidermis of vitiliginous skin [17,18]. ...
Lenalidomide Augments Differentiation of Cultured Hair Follicle Derived Melanocyte Stem Cells Into Functional Melanocytes
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